Monday, October 4, 2021

Reading Plus Answers Level J Guilty Or Innocent

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  • [DOWNLOAD] Reading Plus Answers Level J Guilty Or Innocent | updated!

    To Theodore Roosevelt… A. Excusing the….. Average American citizen…. In this speech, Roosevelt attacks… A. Tabloid journalism and corporate… Q. Which sentence is correct about… A. They were more interested...

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    In this excerpt, the tone… A. Read the following excerpt… A. In the last part of the selection… A. About 30 degrees to the left… Q. Which sentence supports the… A. But for now, I choose to live free… Q....

  • Court Of Appeals Of Virginia Published Opinions

    Primary tabs a Entering a Plea. A defendant may plead not guilty, guilty, or with the court's consent nolo contendere. With the consent of the court and the government, a defendant may enter a conditional plea of guilty or nolo contendere, reserving in writing the right to have an appellate court review an adverse determination of a specified pretrial motion. A defendant who prevails on appeal may then withdraw the plea. If a defendant refuses to enter a plea or if a defendant organization fails to appear, the court must enter a plea of not guilty.

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    Before the court accepts a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the defendant may be placed under oath, and the court must address the defendant personally in open court. Before accepting a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, the court must address the defendant personally in open court and determine that the plea is voluntary and did not result from force, threats, or promises other than promises in a plea agreement.

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    Before entering judgment on a guilty plea, the court must determine that there is a factual basis for the plea. An attorney for the government and the defendant's attorney, or the defendant when proceeding pro se, may discuss and reach a plea agreement. The court must not participate in these discussions. If the defendant pleads guilty or nolo contendere to either a charged offense or a lesser or related offense, the plea agreement may specify that an attorney for the government will: A not bring, or will move to dismiss, other charges; B recommend, or agree not to oppose the defendant's request, that a particular sentence or sentencing range is appropriate or that a particular provision of the Sentencing Guidelines, or policy statement, or sentencing factor does or does not apply such a recommendation or request does not bind the court ; or C agree that a specific sentence or sentencing range is the appropriate disposition of the case, or that a particular provision of the Sentencing Guidelines, or policy statement, or sentencing factor does or does not apply such a recommendation or request binds the court once the court accepts the plea agreement.

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    The parties must disclose the plea agreement in open court when the plea is offered, unless the court for good cause allows the parties to disclose the plea agreement in camera. A To the extent the plea agreement is of the type specified in Rule 11 c 1 A or C , the court may accept the agreement, reject it, or defer a decision until the court has reviewed the presentence report. B To the extent the plea agreement is of the type specified in Rule 11 c 1 B , the court must advise the defendant that the defendant has no right to withdraw the plea if the court does not follow the recommendation or request.

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    If the court accepts the plea agreement, it must inform the defendant that to the extent the plea agreement is of the type specified in Rule 11 c 1 A or C , the agreed disposition will be included in the judgment. If the court rejects a plea agreement containing provisions of the type specified in Rule 11 c 1 A or C , the court must do the following on the record and in open court or, for good cause, in camera : A inform the parties that the court rejects the plea agreement; B advise the defendant personally that the court is not required to follow the plea agreement and give the defendant an opportunity to withdraw the plea; and C advise the defendant personally that if the plea is not withdrawn, the court may dispose of the case less favorably toward the defendant than the plea agreement contemplated.

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    A defendant may withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo contendere: 1 before the court accepts the plea, for any reason or no reason; or 2 after the court accepts the plea, but before it imposes sentence if: A the court rejects a plea agreement under 11 c 5 ; or B the defendant can show a fair and just reason for requesting the withdrawal. After the court imposes sentence, the defendant may not withdraw a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, and the plea may be set aside only on direct appeal or collateral attack.

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    The admissibility or inadmissibility of a plea, a plea discussion, and any related statement is governed by Federal Rule of Evidence The proceedings during which the defendant enters a plea must be recorded by a court reporter or by a suitable recording device. If there is a guilty plea or a nolo contendere plea, the record must include the inquiries and advice to the defendant required under Rule 11 b and c.

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    A variance from the requirements of this rule is harmless error if it does not affect substantial rights. Notes As amended Feb. July 1, ; Apr. Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules— 1. This rule is substantially a restatement of existing law and practice, 18 U. United States, 34 F. The plea of nolo contendere has always existed in the Federal courts, Hudson v. United States, U. Norris, U. The use of the plea is recognized by the Probation Act, 18 U. While at times criticized as theoretically lacking in logical basis, experience has shown that it performs a useful function from a practical standpoint.

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    Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules— Amendment The great majority of all defendants against whom indictments or informations are filed in the federal courts plead guilty. Only a comparatively small number go to trial. The fairness and adequacy of the procedures on acceptance of pleas of guilty are of vital importance in according equal justice to all in the federal courts. Three changes are made in the second sentence. The first change makes it clear that before accepting either a plea of guilty or nolo contendere the court must determine that the plea is made voluntarily with understanding of the nature of the charge.

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    The second change expressly requires the court to address the defendant personally in the course of determining that the plea is made voluntarily and with understanding of the nature of the charge. The reported cases reflect some confusion over this matter. Compare United States v. Diggs, F. United States, F. Von der Heide, F. See, e. Gillies, U. Marvel v. A new sentence is added at the end of the rule to impose a duty on the court in cases where the defendant pleads guilty to satisfy itself that there is a factual basis for the plea before entering judgment. The court should satisfy itself, by inquiry of the defendant or the attorney for the government, or by examining the presentence report, or otherwise, that the conduct which the defendant admits constitutes the offense charged in the indictment or information or an offense included therein to which the defendant has pleaded guilty.

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    Such inquiry should, e. For a similar requirement see Mich. Rule 35A; In re Valle, Mich. Barrows, Mich. Bumpus, Mich. Coates, Mich. See also Stinson v. The normal consequence of a determination that there is not a factual basis for the plea would be for the court to set aside the plea and enter a plea of not guilty. For a variety of reasons it is desirable in some cases to permit entry of judgment upon a plea of nolo contendere without inquiry into the factual basis for the plea. The new third sentence is not, therefore, made applicable to pleas of nolo contendere. It is not intended by this omission to reflect any view upon the effect of a plea of nolo contendere in relation to a plea of guilty.

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    That problem has been dealt with by the courts. See e. Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules— Amendment The amendments to rule 11 are designed to achieve two principal objectives: 1 Subdivision c prescribes the advice which the court must give to insure that the defendant who pleads guilty has made an informed plea. Other less basic changes are also made. The changes are discussed in the order in which they appear in the rule. Subdivision b retains the requirement that the defendant obtain the consent of the court in order to plead nolo contendere. It adds that the court shall, in deciding whether to accept the plea, consider the views of the prosecution and of the defense and also the larger public interest in the administration of criminal justice.

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    Although the plea of nolo contendere has long existed in the federal courts, Hudson v. A plea of nolo contendere is, for purposes of punishment, the same as the plea of guilty. See discussion of the history of the nolo plea in North Carolina v. Alford, U. A judgment upon the plea is a conviction and may be used to apply multiple offender statutes. Unlike a plea of guilty, however, it cannot be used against a defendant as an admission in a subsequent criminal or civil case. The factors considered relevant by particular courts in determining whether to permit the plea of nolo contendere vary. Bagliore, F. Jones, F. A defendant who desires to plead nolo contendere will commonly want to avoid pleading guilty because the plea of guilty can be introduced as an admission in subsequent civil litigation.

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    The prosecution may oppose the plea of nolo contendere because it wants a definite resolution of the defendant's guilty or innocence either for correctional purposes or for reasons of subsequent litigation. Under subdivision b of the new rule the balancing of the interests is left to the trial judge, who is mandated to take into account the larger public interest in the effective administration of justice.

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    Subdivision c prescribes the advice which the court must give to the defendant as a prerequisite to the acceptance of a plea of guilty. Alabama, U. Subdivision c retains the requirement that the court address the defendant personally. See McCarthy v. There is also an amendment to rule 43 to make clear that a defendant must be in court at the time of the plea. Subdivision c 1 retains the current requirement that the court determine that the defendant understands the nature of the charge. This is a common requirement. The method by which the defendant's understanding of the nature of the charge is determined may vary from case to case, depending on the complexity of the circumstances and the particular defendant. In some cases, a judge may do this by reading the indictment and by explaining the elements of the offense to the defendants. District Court for D. This information is usually readily ascertainable from the face of the statute defining the crime, and thus it is feasible for the judge to know specifically what to tell the defendant.

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    Giving this advice tells a defendant the shortest mandatory sentence and also the longest possible sentence for the offense to which he is pleading guilty. It has been suggested that it is desirable to inform a defendant of additional consequences which might follow from his plea of guilty. Durant v. Trujillo v. It has been suggested that a defendant be advised that a jury might find him guilty only of a lesser included offense. See contra Dorrough v. Under the rule the judge is not required to inform a defendant about these matters, though a judge is free to do so if he feels a consequence of a plea of guilty in a particular case is likely to be of real significance to the defendant. Currently, certain consequences of a plea of guilty, such as parole eligibility, may be so complicated that it is not feasible to expect a judge to clearly advise the defendant.

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    For example, the judge may impose a sentence under 18 U. At the time the judge is required to advise the defendant of the consequences of his plea, the judge will usually not have seen the presentence report and thus will have no basis for giving a defendant any very realistic advice as to when he might be eligible for parole.

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    A wrongly accused man… Choose the sentence in this… The starched blue blouses…. Which two activities does the author… Pushing a plow. Reaping grain. Based on this excerpt, which… Practicality. What is the underlying mood of…. The role of the federal reserve… The unfinished pyramid on the U. The 13 colonies united to form one country. What financial crisis led to the passage of the Federal Reserve Act of ? A panic of bank withdrawals. According to the selection which two of the following things can happen to the money that… 1. It is lent to other people to use as interest.

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    It is invested. The primary responsibility of the U. Treasury Department is? Managing federal finances. Lowering the funds rate generally causes a rise in the stock market because? Lower interest rates will lead to an increase of consumer spending. The author backs up the statement that the economy can be unpredictable… A. Natural disasters can affect the demands for goods and disrupt production. Reread this excerpt. Which two of the following things usually occur when the Fed lowers the funds interest?

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    Stock market value increases. People borrow money to make purchases. Based on this excerpt, which if the following would indicate that the Fed is doing a good job… A. A high rate of employment for U. Douglas Denounces Slavery What is the main idea of this speech? The second is from JFK. Let us know if this was helpful.

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    Seventh Edition Lucy A. Dalglish, Executive Director Gregg P. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Since that founding meeting, the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press has been just what its name implies — an organization dedicated first to the interests of the reporter. From the start, the medium of communication and the means of employment have not mattered. The committee has helped all those who take it as their mission to inform the public about current events.

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    For 40 years, the Reporters Committee has carried out that vision, giving legal advice to thousands of journalists and producing publications to help them do their jobs. The First Amendment Handbook is one of those publications. At a time when newsgathering techniques are under increasing scrutiny, courts order journalists to jail for refusing to disclose confidential sources, government officials are finding new ways to close down access to public information in the name of national security, and big business tries to intimidate news organizations by filing lawsuits based on novel tort theories ranging from fraud to breach of duty of loyalty, American journalists need to be aware of the many potential pitfalls that await them, and of how they might avoid them. They need to know their rights, and how to fight back when they are threatened. The First Amendment Handbook is an important weapon in that fight.

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    In addition to helping reporters at home, The First Amendment Handbook has traveled the world, communicating the principles of a free press to journalists and lawmakers in developing democracies around the world in a succinct, easy-to-understand manner. But we know that many journalists simply do not have access to an attorney when they have a pressing legal question. Thus, a primer like this will help educate the reader on the basics of the law and the right to gather and report the news. As useful as we believe this handbook will be to reporters, we encourage journalists who gather and report news in any medium to call the Reporters Committee for assistance when they need to find an attorney. We can be reached at or hotline rcfp. The Reporters Committee would like to acknowledge the extensive efforts of our legal fellows and interns who have made significant contributions to each edition of this booklet.

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    Our sincere thanks go to each of them. A libelous statement can be the basis of a civil lawsuit brought by the person or group allegedly defamed or, in rare cases, a criminal prosecution. There is no uniform law for libel. Each state decides what the plaintiff in a civil libel suit must prove and what defenses are available to the media. Generally, this requires an examination of six different legal elements — defamatory communication, publication, falsity, identification, harm and fault — as well as a number of defenses available to media defendants. Defamatory communication A defamatory communication is one that exposes a person to hatred, ridicule, or contempt, lowers him in the esteem of his fellows, causes him to be shunned, or injures him in his business or calling. Defamation can take the form of libel published or broadcast communication, including information published on a website or slander oral communication.

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    Courts generally are required to take the full context of a publication into account when determining whether the publication is defamatory. However, a headline, drawing, cutline or photograph taken alone can, in some cases, be libelous. The media can be liable for the republication of a libelous statement made by another person or entity but quoted in a news article. Falsity It often has been said that truth is an absolute defense to libel. Rather, the general standard is that the information must be substantially true. Under the common law, the media defendant had the burden of proving that the statements challenged by the plaintiff were true. The Supreme Court changed that standard for libel suits involving public officials and public figures.

  • How Innocent Is Innocent Enough? The Relief Provisions Of Section (e) | Emerald Insight

    Hepps, private individuals suing for libel also must prove the statement was false if it involved a matter of public concern. Governmental entities cannot bring libel claims, nor can members of large groups usually 25 people or more, as a rule of thumb. However, if the statement at issue can be interpreted as referring to a particular person in a group, that person can sue. A corporation may bring a libel claim if the alleged defamatory statement raises doubts about the honesty, credit, efficiency or prestige of that business.

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