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What is readers-writers problem? Here we divide the processes into two types: 1. Readers Who want to retrieve the data only 2. Writers Who want to retrieve as well as manipulate We can provide permission to a number of readers to read same data at...
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In other words, no reader should wait for other readers to complete simply because a writer is waiting. Once a writer is ready, that writer performs its write as soon as possible. In other words, if a writer is waiting to access the object, no new...
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Operating System Online Test | Questions And Answers For Bank Exams - 4This situation is called deadlock. What are necessary conditions for dead lock? Mutual exclusion where at least one resource is non-sharable 2. Hold and wait where a process hold one resource and waits for other resource 3. What is resource allocation graph? This is the graphical description of deadlocks. This graph consists of a set of edges E and a set of vertices V.
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A directed edge Pi? Rj is called a request edge; a directed edge Rj? Pi is called an assignment edge. Pictorially we represent a process Pi as a circle, and each resource type Rj as square. Since resource type Rj may have more than one instance, we represent each such instance as a dot within the square. When a request is fulfilled the request edge is transformed into an assignment edge. When a process releases a resource the assignment edge is deleted. If the cycle involves a set of resource types, each of which has only a single instance, then a deadlock has occurred. Each process involved in the cycle is deadlock. What are deadlock prevention techniques? They should be sharable. But some resources such as printers must be mutually exclusive. Hold and wait : To avoid this condition we have to ensure that if a process is requesting for a resource it should not hold any resources. No preemption : If a process is holding some resources and requests another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it that is the process must wait , then all the resources currently being held are preempted released autonomously.
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Circular wait : the way to ensure that this condition never holds is to impose a total ordering of all the resource types, and to require that each process requests resources in an increasing order of enumeration. What is a safe state and a safe sequence? A system is in safe state only if there exists a safe sequence. A sequence of processes is a safe sequence for the current allocation state if, for each Pi, the resources that the Pi can still request can be satisfied by the currently available resources plus the resources held by all the Pj, with j What are the deadlock avoidance algorithms?
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A dead lock avoidance algorithm dynamically examines the resource-allocation state to ensure that a circular wait condition can never exist. The resource allocation state is defined by the number of available and allocated resources, and the maximum demand of the process. There are two algorithms: 1. Resource allocation graph algorithm 2. Resource request algorithm What are the basic functions of an operating system? Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various applications programs for various uses. Operating system acts as resource allocator and manager. Since there are many possibly conflicting requests for resources the operating system must decide which requests are allocated resources to operating the computer system efficiently and fairly.
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Also operating system is control program which controls the user programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer. Explain briefly about, processor, assembler, compiler, loader, linker and the functions executed by them. Processor:- A processor is the part a computer system that executes instructions. Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language. Typically, a programmer writes language statements in a language such as Pascal or C one line at a time using an editor. The file that is created contains what are called the source statements. The programmer then runs the appropriate language compiler, specifying the name of the file that contains the source statements. What is a Real-Time System? A real time process is a process that must respond to the events within a certain time period.
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- Operating System Questions And Their Answers (Part 1)
A real time operating system is an operating system that can run real time processes successfully What is the difference between Hard and Soft real-time systems? A hard real-time system guarantees that critical tasks complete on time. This goal requires that all delays in the system be bounded from the retrieval of the stored data to the time that it takes the operating system to finish any request made of it. A soft real time system where a critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains that priority until it completes. As in hard real time systems kernel delays need to be bounded What is virtual memory? A virtual memory is hardware technique where the system appears to have more memory that it actually does. This is done by time-sharing, the physical memory and storage parts of the memory one disk when they are not actively being used What is cache memory?
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Cache memory is random access memory RAM that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the microprocessor processes data, it looks first in the cache memory and if it finds the data there from a previous reading of data , it does not have to do the more time-consuming reading of data Differentiate between Complier and Interpreter? An interpreter reads one instruction at a time and carries out the actions implied by that instruction. It does not perform any translation. But a compiler translates the entire instructions. What are different tasks of Lexical Analysis? The purpose of the lexical analyzer is to partition the input text, delivering a sequence of comments and basic symbols. Comments are character sequences to be ignored, while basic symbols are character sequences that correspond to terminal symbols of the grammar defining the phrase structure of the input Why paging is used?
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Paging is solution to external fragmentation problem which is to permit the logical address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to be allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available. What is Context Switch? Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as a context switch. Context-switch time is pure overhead, because the system does no useful work while switching. Its speed varies from machine to machine, depending on the memory speed, the number of registers which must be copied, the existed of special instructions such as a single instruction to load or store all registers.
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What is operating system? Which one of the following is not true? Which one of the following error will be handle by the operating system? Which module gives control of the CPU to the process selected by the short-term scheduler? In priority scheduling algorithm: Deadlocks Questions and Answers 1. What is the reusable resource? Deadlocks Questions and Answers 2.
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Which of the following condition is required for deadlock to be possible? Deadlocks Questions and Answers 3. A system is in the safe state if: Deadlocks Questions and Answers 4. The circular wait condition can be prevented by: Deadlocks Questions and Answers 5. Which one of the following is the deadlock avoidance algorithm? Memory Management Questions and Answers 1. A memory buffer used to accommodate a speed differential is called: Memory Management Questions and Answers 3. Which one of the following is the address generated by CPU? Memory Management Questions and Answers 4. Run time mapping from virtual to physical address is done by: Memory Management Questions and Answers 5.
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Memory management technique in which system stores and retrieves data from secondary storage for use in main memory is called: RAID Questions and Answers 1. The systems which allows only one process execution at a time, are called: Processes Questions and Answers 2. In operating system, each process has its own: Processes Questions and Answers 3. In Unix, Which system call creates the new process? Processes Questions and Answers 4. A process can be terminated due to: Processes Questions and Answers 5. What is the ready state of a process? Security Questions and Answers 1. Which of the following are forms of malicious attack? Security Questions and Answers 2. What are common security threats? Security Questions and Answers 3. From the following, which is not a common file permission? Security Questions and Answers 4. Which of the following is a good practice? Security Questions and Answers 5.
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What is not a good practice for user administration? Semaphores Questions and Answers 1. An un-interruptible unit is known as : Semaphores Questions and Answers 2. Semaphores Questions and Answers.
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Lets have a look at below Lists of Short Descriptive type Questions that may be asked in this format in Written Exams. What is an operating system? An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware. It controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the various application programs for the various users. What is the kernel? A more common definition is that the OS is the one program running at all times on the computer ,usually called the kernel, with all else being application programs. What are batch systems? Batch systems are quite appropriate for executing large jobs that need little interaction. The user can submit jobs and return later for the results. It is not necessary to wait while the job is processed.
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What is graceful degradation? In multiprocessor systems, failure of one processor will not halt the system, but only slow it down by sharing the work of failure system by other systems. This ability to continue providing service is proportional to the surviving hardware is called graceful degradation. Differentiate Tightly coupled systems and loosely coupled systems? Loosely coupled systems Tightly coupled systems Each processor has its own local memory Common memory is shared by many processors Each processor can communicate with other all through communication lines No need of any special communication lines 6.
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What is real time system? A real time system has well defined ,fixed time constraints. Processing must be done within the defined constraints, or the system will fail. It is often used as a control device in a dedicated application. What are privileged instructions? Some of the machine instructions that may cause harm to a system are designated as privileged instructions.
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The hardware allows the privileged instructions to be executed only in monitor mode. What do you mean by system calls? System calls provide the interface between a process and the operating system. When a system call is executed, it is treated as by the hardware as software interrupt. What is a process? A process is a program in execution. It is an active entity and it includes the process stack,containing temporary data and the data section contains global variables.
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What is process control block? Each process is represented in the OS by a process control block. It contain many pieces of information associated with a specific process. What is schedulers? A process migrates between the various scheduling queues through out its life time. The OS must select processes from these queues in some fashion. This selection process is carried out by a scheduler. What are the use of job queues, ready queues and device queues? As a process enters a system they are put in to a job queue. This queues consist of all jobs in the system. The processes that are residing in main memory and are ready and waiting to execute are kept on a list called ready queue. What is meant by context switch? Switching the CPU to another process requires saving the state of the old process and loading the saved state for the new process. This task is known as context switch.
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What is independent process? A process is independent it cannot affect Or be affected by the other processes executing in the system. Any process does not share data with other process is a independent process. What is co-operative process? A process is co-operating if it can affect or be affected by the other processes executing in the system. Any process that share data with other process is a co-operating process.
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Please find the correct answers at the bottom of every questions. All questions contain Answers but all answers is given after every question. Correct answers are given at Page No. The book contain Question and answers. MCQ for Operating System help you to practice and prepare your competitive exams better. If any author has any issue to sharing their books for education purpose please connects me to delete provided link of magazine or book. The suggestion of authors is highly appreciated and I will immediately remove the provided link in my website. Note : Correct answers are given at Page No. Some examples of question are as under. Correct Answers.
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Hussein 1 Main memory is usually too small to store all needed programs and. Data permanently. Main memory is a volatile storage device that loses its contents when power is turned off or otherwise lost Q3: What are the activities of the operating system in regard to process management? Answer The operating system is responsible for the following activities in regard to process management: 1 Creating and deleting both user and system processes 2 Suspending and resuming processes 3 Providing mechanisms for process synchronization 4 Providing mechanisms for process communication 5 Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling Q4: What are the activities of the operating system in regard to file management?
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AnswerThe operating system is responsible for the following activities in regard to file management: 1 Creating and deleting files 2 Creating and deleting directories to organize files 3 Supporting primitives for manipulating files and directories 4 Mapping files onto secondary storage 5 Backing up files on stable nonvolatile storage media Q7: What are the Operations on Processes? AnswerThe operations on processes are process creation and termination. Process Creation: A process may create several new processes, via a create-process system call, during the course of execution.
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The creating process is called a parent process, and the new processes are called children of that process. Process Termination: A process terminates when it finishes executing its final statement and asks the operating system to delete it or by another process via an appropriate system call. Q8: In process creation, what are the possibilities in concerned 1 Parent execution 2 Address space of the new process child? Answer 1 There are two possibilities of execution:a The parent continues to execute concurrently with its children.
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Q9: A parent may terminate the execution of one of its children. What are the reasons? Answer a The child has exceeded its usage of some of the resources that it has been allocated. Q What are the events occur when the process allocate to the CPU and is executing? Answer 1 The differences between long term scheduler and short term scheduler Long term scheduler short term scheduler 1 It called job scheduler It called CPU scheduler 2 It selects processes from the pool and loads them into memory for execution. It selects from among the processes that are ready to execute and allocates the CPU to one of them.
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It takes ms for taking the new process. Non-preemptive scheduling Preemptive scheduling When the CPU has been allocated to a process, the process keeps the CPU until it releases the CPU either by terminating or by switching to the waiting state Scheduling allows a process to be interrupted in the midst of its execution, taking the CPU away and allocating it to another process. CPU utilization. Keep the CPU as busy as possible. In a real system, it should range from 40 percent for a lightly loaded system to 90 percent for a heavily used system.
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The number of processes that are completed per time unit. Turnaround time TAT. The interval from the time of submission of a process to the time of completion. Waiting time. It is the sum of the periods spent waiting in the ready queue. Response time. It is the time it takes to start responding, not the time it takes to output the response. Answer Q A Advantages of aging techniquesAging is a technique to solve the starvation problem, it increases the priority of processes that wait in the system for a long time.
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If RAG does not have a cycle, then the system is not in a deadlocked state. If there is a cycle, then the system may or may not be in a deadlocked state. Answer D Advantages of cooperating processes:1 Information sharing: Allow concurrent access to same information. Answer E Advantages of system call. System call provides the interface between a running program and the operating system. Q What are the deadlock conditions? Answer1 Mutual exclusion. At least one resource must be held in a non-sharable mode; that is, only one process at a time can use the resource. If another process requests that resource, the requesting process must be delayed until the resource has been released.
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A process must be holding at least one resource and waiting to acquire additional resources that are currently being held by other processes. Resources cannot be preempted; that is, a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding it, after that process has completed its task. Q What are the methods for Handling Deadlocks states? Answer Q we can deal with the deadlock problem in one of three ways: 1 We can use a protocol to prevent or avoid deadlocks. Q How can we prevent the occurrence of a deadlock occurs? Answer Q By ensuring that at least one of deadlock conditions cannot hold. As follow:1 Mutual Exclusion: The mutual-exclusion condition must hold for non-sharable resources.
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If a process is holding some resources and requests another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it the process must wait , then all resources currently being held are preempted. Q How can we avoiding deadlocks occur? AnswerFor avoiding deadlocks is to require additional information about how resources are to be requested. Each request requires the following: 1 The resource currently available. The above information is used to decide whether the current request can be satisfied or must wait to avoid a possible future deadlock. A deadlock-avoidance algorithm dynamically examines the resource-allocation state to ensure that a circular wait condition can never exist. The resource-allocation state is defined by the number of available and allocated resources and the maximum demands of the processes. Q Explain the deadlock detection?
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Answer Q If a system does not employ either a deadlock-prevention or a deadlock avoidance algorithm then a deadlock situation may occur. The system must provide An algorithm that examines the state of the system to determine whether a deadlock has occurred. An algorithm to recover from the deadlock. A detection and recovery will incur a considerable overhead in computation time that includes: 1 Run time cost of maintaining the necessary information. Q How can recovery from deadlock state? AnswerWhen a deadlock exists, several alternatives are available. One possibility is to inform the operator that a deadlock has occurred and to let the operator deal with the deadlock manually. The system recovers from the deadlock automatically. There are two options for breaking a deadlock. A Process Termination: Aborting processes to eliminate the deadlock. There are two methods: 1 Abort all deadlocked processes.
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